For years, researchers have been attempting to identify the genetic components of autism. Although it’s apparent that genetics is a significant component, the individual genes involved and how they are affected by other variables are just beginning to be realized.
From bad parenting to genetic clues:
Autism used to be attributed to poor parenting, with the “refrigerator mother” hypothesis positing that cold, unloving mothers were responsible. But a seminal study in 1977 revealed that autism tends to run in identical twins, indicating a genetic factor. Since then, studies have established that there is a high genetic connection to autism.
The complexity of genetic variations:
Genetic differences can significantly affect autism. Some have no impact, while others will have a profound impact. Researchers have found “super strong” variations in as many as 20% of cases of autism, which in turn lead to severe disabilities. A minimum of 100 genes are associated with autism, and scientists are striving to learn how these genes contribute to the condition.
De Novo Variants: A bolt of lightning
A few genetic mutations result at random within a developing embryo, which are de novo variants. These can be inherited by parents who are seemingly neurotypical but may, in combination with other gene variants, fuel neurodevelopmental distinction.
Environmental factors:
Though genetics are a large part, environment also has something to do with autism. Exposure to air pollution, pesticides, and complications during birth can all be factors. Pseudoscientific notions, however, like the vaccine-autism connection, have been thoroughly discredited.
The future of genetic research:
Genetic studies are resulting in a greater understanding of autism. Through the identification of genetic mutations, parents are able to make informed reproductive decisions for the future. Some autistic individuals and researchers are concerned, though, with the misuse of genetic information and the search for a “cure.”
A complex picture:
Autism is a broad spectrum, and genetic studies are uncovering a complicated picture. Most autistic people inherit hundreds or thousands of shared gene variants that help create their neurodiversity. These variants appear in neurotypical people as well, but together they have a strong impact on brain wiring.
The debate over genetic research:
The autistic community is divided regarding genetic research. Some perceive it as the means to gain insight into and care for autistic individuals, but others worry it may open doors to prenatal screening and eugenics. With further research, it is necessary to hear the autistic community and address their concerns.
Autism is a multifaceted disorder, and genetic studies are gradually revealing its mechanisms. Although much remains to be discovered, it is evident that genetics are an important factor. Through knowledge of the genetics of autism, we can move towards a more accepting and inclusive society for autistic people.
